Who sits where in the state, and who is tied to whom. Each layer keeps a lane, so a tie that crosses lanes connects two layers of power.Every institution is a box and every person in post a seat inside it, so holding office needs no line. The lines are the claims: who appointed, owns, prosecutes or is related to whom, drawn by what they rest on. A line that crosses lanes connects two layers of power.
314 in office136 ties47 across layers254 not shown
Ties
Table view of every connection shown above
Ties drawn on Jan 14, 2011, at the current evidence threshold (families: Power, Money, Family, Courts). Ties that cross layers connect two layers of power.
From
Layer
To
Layer
Relationship
Basis
Crosses layers
Mohamed Afif Chelbi
Political
BIAT
Economic
sits on the board of
Documented
yes
Mohamed Sakher El Materi
Economic
Radio Zaytouna
Media
owns
Documented
yes
Mediaset (MFE — MediaForEurope)
Foreign & international
Nessma TV
Media
owns
Documented
yes
Quinta Communications
Economic
Nessma TV
Media
owns
Documented
yes
Tunisian State
Political
Radio Zaytouna
Media
owns
Documented
yes
Cyrine Ben Ali
Economic
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
family tie
Documented
yes
Dorsaf Ben Ali
Economic
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
family tie
Documented
yes
Leïla Trabelsi
Economic
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
family tie
Documented
yes
Lotfi Bel Hadj
Economic
Moncef Marzouki
Political
family tie
Documented
yes
Myriam Marzouki
Civil society
Moncef Marzouki
Political
family tie
Documented
yes
Nadia Marzouki
Civil society
Moncef Marzouki
Political
family tie
Documented
yes
Nesrine Ben Ali
Economic
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
family tie
Documented
yes
Siren Ennaceur
Civil society
Mohamed Ennaceur
Political
family tie
Documented
yes
Ben Ali / Trabelsi clan network
Economic
Presidency of the Republic
Political
business tie
Documented
yes
United States
Foreign & international
Tunisian Armed Forces
Security
security link
Documented
yes
Tunisian State
Political
BNA
Economic
owns
Reported
yes
Tunisian State
Political
Tunisian Chemical Group
Economic
owns
Reported
yes
Tunisian State
Political
STEG
Economic
owns
Reported
yes
Tunisian State
Political
Tunisie Telecom
Economic
owns
Reported
yes
Tunisian State
Political
Tunisair
Economic
owns
Reported
yes
Abdelwahab Ben Ayed
Economic
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
institutional tie
Reported
yes
Abdessattar Ben Moussa
Judicial
Tunisian League for the Defence of Human Rights
Civil society
institutional tie
Reported
yes
African Development Bank
Foreign & international
Presidency of the Republic
Political
diplomatic relationship with
Reported
yes
Ali Seriati
Security
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
security link
Reported
yes
Aziz Miled
Economic
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
institutional tie
Reported
yes
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
Habib Ammar
Security
appointed
Reported
yes
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
Military Security Directorate
Security
security link
Reported
yes
Bochra Belhaj Hmida
Judicial
Tunisian Association of Democratic Women
Civil society
institutional tie
Reported
yes
China
Foreign & international
Presidency of the Republic
Political
diplomatic relationship with
Reported
yes
Emna Mizouni
Civil society
Nawaat
Media
institutional tie
Reported
yes
France
Foreign & international
Navy
Security
security link
Reported
yes
Germany
Foreign & international
Presidency of the Republic
Political
diplomatic relationship with
Reported
yes
Judiciary
Judicial
Ali Seriati
Security
prosecuted
Reported
yes
Kamal Gharbi
Political
Leaders
Media
business tie
Reported
yes
Kamel Eltaief
Economic
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
security link
Reported
yes
Kamel Eltaief
Economic
Presidency of the Republic
Political
reported influence over
Reported
yes
Libya
Foreign & international
Presidency of the Republic
Political
diplomatic relationship with
Reported
yes
Lina Ben Mhenni
Civil society
Nawaat
Media
institutional tie
Reported
yes
Mohamed Ennaceur
Political
UGTT
Civil society
reported influence over
Reported
yes
Moncef Mzabi
Economic
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
institutional tie
Reported
yes
Qatar
Foreign & international
Ennahda Movement
Political
reported influence over
Reported
yes
Qatar
Foreign & international
Presidency of the Republic
Political
diplomatic relationship with
Reported
yes
Radhia Nasraoui
Judicial
Anti-Torture Association in Tunisia
Civil society
institutional tie
Reported
yes
Slim Ennaceur
Civil society
Mohamed Ennaceur
Political
family tie
Reported
yes
Turkey
Foreign & international
Presidency of the Republic
Political
diplomatic relationship with
Reported
yes
United Arab Emirates
Foreign & international
Presidency of the Republic
Political
diplomatic relationship with
Reported
yes
United Kingdom
Foreign & international
Presidency of the Republic
Political
diplomatic relationship with
Reported
yes
Fadhel Abdelkefi
Economic
BIAT
Economic
sits on the board of
Documented
no
Hichem Driss
Economic
BIAT
Economic
sits on the board of
Documented
no
Ismaïl Mabrouk
Economic
BIAT
Economic
sits on the board of
Documented
no
Jean Messinesi
Economic
BIAT
Economic
sits on the board of
Documented
no
Karim Milad
Economic
BIAT
Economic
sits on the board of
Documented
no
Abdelwahab Ben Ayed
Economic
Poulina Group Holding
Economic
owns
Documented
no
Bouricha family
Economic
Poulina Group Holding
Economic
owns
Documented
no
Bouzguenda family
Economic
Poulina Group Holding
Economic
owns
Documented
no
Bukhatir Group
Economic
Abou Khater real estate project
Economic
owns
Documented
no
Nabil Karoui
Media
Nessma TV
Media
owns
Documented
no
Mabrouk Group
Economic
BIAT
Economic
owns
Documented
no
Audit Court
Judicial
Judiciary
Judicial
institutional tie
Documented
no
Belhassen Trabelsi
Economic
Leïla Trabelsi
Economic
family tie
Documented
no
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
Habib Bourguiba
Political
succeeded
Documented
no
Superior Council of the Judiciary
Judicial
Judiciary
Judicial
institutional tie
Documented
no
Faouzi Elloumi
Economic
Selma Elloumi Rekik
Economic
family tie
Documented
no
Habib Bourguiba Jr.
Political
Habib Bourguiba
Political
family tie
Documented
no
Marouane Mabrouk
Economic
Cyrine Ben Ali
Economic
family tie
Documented
no
Marouane Mabrouk
Economic
Orange Tunisie
Economic
business tie
Documented
no
Fouad Mebazaa
Political
Mohamed Ghannouchi
Political
in conflict with
Documented
no
Mohamed Sakher El Materi
Economic
Nesrine Ben Ali
Economic
family tie
Documented
no
Slim Chiboub
Economic
Dorsaf Ben Ali
Economic
family tie
Documented
no
Youssef Saheb Ettabaa
Political
Mohamed Larbi Zarrouk
Political
in conflict with
Documented
no
Elyes Jebir
Economic
BIAT
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Nejia Gharbi
Economic
BNA
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Hedi Youssef
Economic
Tunisian Chemical Group
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Abdelwahab Ben Ayed
Economic
Poulina Group Holding
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Khaled Bouricha
Economic
Poulina Group Holding
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Salah A. Bukhatir
Economic
Abou Khater real estate project
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Atef Majdoub
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Ezzeddine Cherif
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Faycel Stambouli
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Mohamed Jilani Beji
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Mohamed Lassaad Mzah
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Mohamed Salah Hmaidi
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Moufida Aloui
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Nejla Ben Abdallah
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Raoudha Bejaoui
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Salah Ben Hamad
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Souhir Taktak
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Laurent Thuillier
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Zied Boudriga
Economic
STB
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Hichem Anane
Economic
STEG
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
Othman Ben Arfa
Economic
STEG
Economic
sits on the board of
Reported
no
National Social Security Fund
Economic
Tunisair
Economic
owns
Reported
no
Investec (Marwan Mabrouk's holding)
Economic
Orange Tunisie
Economic
owns
Reported
no
Kallel family (heirs)
Economic
Poulina Group Holding
Economic
owns
Reported
no
Marouane Mabrouk
Economic
Orange Tunisie
Economic
owns
Reported
no
Mohamed Sakher El Materi
Economic
Zitouna Bank
Economic
owns
Reported
no
Aziz Miled
Economic
BIAT
Economic
owns
Reported
no
STB
Economic
Société Nigérienne de Banque (Sonibank)
Economic
owns
Reported
no
STEG
Economic
STEG International Services (SIS)
Economic
owns
Reported
no
STEG
Economic
STEG Énergies Renouvelables (STEG-ER)
Economic
owns
Reported
no
Abdallah Farhat
Political
Habib Bourguiba
Political
institutional tie
Reported
no
Abdelwahab Abdallah
Political
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
institutional tie
Reported
no
Abdelwahab Ben Ayed
Economic
Poulina Group Holding
Economic
business tie
Reported
no
Abderrahmane Belhaj Ali
Security
Presidential Security
Security
security link
Reported
no
Amel Ben Yedder
Economic
UTICA
Economic
institutional tie
Reported
no
Atika Chebil
Political
Saied / Chebil family clan network
Political
institutional tie
Reported
no
Belhassen Trabelsi
Economic
Ben Ali / Trabelsi clan network
Economic
business tie
Reported
no
Habib Bourguiba
Political
Ahmed Ben Salah
Political
in conflict with
Reported
no
Habib Bourguiba
Political
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Political
appointed
Reported
no
Ennahda Movement
Political
Mohamed Ennaceur
Political
in conflict with
Reported
no
Faouzi Elloumi
Economic
Elloumi Group / COFICAB
Economic
business tie
Reported
no
Fouad Mebazaa
Political
Parliament
Political
institutional tie
Reported
no
Hédi Bouchamaoui
Economic
UTICA
Economic
institutional tie
Reported
no
Hend Abdessamad
Media
Mosaique FM
Media
institutional tie
Reported
no
Ichraf Chebil
Political
Atika Chebil
Political
family tie
Reported
no
Ichraf Chebil
Political
Saied / Chebil family clan network
Political
institutional tie
Reported
no
Larbi Nasra
Media
Hannibal TV
Media
business tie
Reported
no
Lilia Ben Chedly
Political
Fouad Mebazaa
Political
family tie
Reported
no
Mabrouk Group
Economic
BIAT
Economic
business tie
Reported
no
Marouane Mabrouk
Economic
Mabrouk Group
Economic
business tie
Reported
no
Mongi Slim
Political
Habib Bourguiba
Political
institutional tie
Reported
no
Mourad Ben Othman
Media
Mosaique FM
Media
institutional tie
Reported
no
Nabil Karoui
Media
Nessma TV
Media
business tie
Reported
no
Naoufel Saied
Political
Saied / Chebil family clan network
Political
institutional tie
Reported
no
Olfa Riahi
Media
El Hiwar Ettounsi
Media
institutional tie
Reported
no
Rachid Sfar
Political
Habib Bourguiba
Political
institutional tie
Reported
no
Samir El Wafi
Media
El Hiwar Ettounsi
Media
institutional tie
Reported
no
Sana Gammoudi
Media
Hannibal TV
Media
institutional tie
Reported
no
Selma Elloumi Rekik
Economic
Elloumi Group / COFICAB
Economic
business tie
Reported
no
Tahar Ben Ammar
Political
Habib Bourguiba
Political
institutional tie
Reported
no
Tahar Ben Hassine
Media
El Hiwar Ettounsi
Media
business tie
Reported
no
Taoufik Ben Brik
Media
La Presse de Tunisie
Media
institutional tie
Reported
no
Wided Bouchamaoui
Economic
UTICA
Economic
institutional tie
Reported
no
Youssef Bayahi
Economic
BIAT
Economic
institutional tie
Reported
no
Youssef Saheb Ettabaa
Political
Mustapha Saheb Ettabaa
Political
institutional tie
Reported
no
Zied Krichen
Media
Mosaique FM
Media
institutional tie
Reported
no
Who is on the map on Jan 14, 2011
Layer
Institution
Person
Post
Security
Land Army
Rachid Ammar
Chief of Staff of the Land Army
Security
Air Force
Taïeb Laajimi
Chief of Staff of the Air Force
Security
Navy
Mohamed Khamassi
Chief of Staff of the Navy
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Rafiq Belhaj Kacem
Minister of the Interior
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Mahmoud Méhiri
Governor of Ariana
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Kamel Someï
Governor of Béja
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Faiez Ayed
Governor of Ben Arous
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Salem Jribi
Governor of Bizerte
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Mokdad Missaoui
Governor of Gabès
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Chokri Necib
Governor of Gabès
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Moncef Khemiri
Governor of Gabès
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Mohamed Chaïeb
Governor of Gafsa
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Mohamed Ben Abdallah
Governor of Jendouba
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Yassine Barbouche
Governor of Kairouan
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Mohamed Hafedh Cherif
Governor of Kasserine
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Mahmoud Saied
Governor of Kébili
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Hatem Laâmari
Governor of Kef
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Hichem Ben Ahmed
Governor of Mahdia
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Kamel Ben Ali
Governor of Manouba
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Brahim Briki
Governor of Médenine
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Khelifa Jebeniani
Governor of Monastir
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Abdejlil Zaddem
Governor of Nabeul
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Mohamed Ben Salem
Governor of Sfax
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Abdelhamid Aloui
Governor of Sidi Bouzid
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Néjib Barkallah
Governor of Siliana
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Taïeb Ragoubi
Governor of Sousse
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Nouri Ben Saïd
Governor of Tataouine
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Slaheddine Ben Romdhane
Governor of Tozeur
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Houcine Ben Frej
Governor of Tozeur
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Mondher Friji
Governor of Tunis
Security
Ministry of the Interior
Lotfi Chouba
Governor of Zaghouan
Security
Military Security Directorate
Kamel Akrout
Director-General of Military Security
Security
Presidential Security
Ali Seriati
Director-General of Presidential Security
Security
Outside office
Habib Ammar
—
Security
Outside office
Abderrahmane Belhaj Ali
—
Political
Presidency of the Republic
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
President of the Republic
Political
Head of Government
Mohamed Ghannouchi
Head of Government
Political
Head of Government
Kamel Morjane
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Political
Head of Government
Afif Chelbi
Minister of Economy and Planning
Political
Head of Government
Hatem Ben Salem
Minister of Education
Political
Head of Government
Afif Chelbi
Minister of Industry, Mines and Energy
Political
Head of Government
Lazhar Bououni
Minister of Justice
Political
Head of Government
Sadok Rabah
Minister of Communication
Political
Head of Government
Samir Lâabidi
Minister of Communication
Political
Head of Government
Mohamed Nouri Jouini
Minister of Development and Regional Planning
Political
Head of Government
Bechir Tekkari
Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Political
Head of Government
Ali Chaouch
Minister of Social Affairs
Political
Head of Government
Naceur El Gharbi
Minister of Social Affairs
Political
Head of Government
Slimane Ourak
Minister of Commerce
Political
Head of Government
Mohamed Agrebi
Minister of Employment and Vocational Training
Political
Head of Government
Foued Daghfous
Minister of State Properties
Political
Head of Government
Abdessalem Mansour
Minister of Agriculture
Political
Head of Government
Mohamed Ennaceur
Minister of Communication Technologies
Political
Head of Government
Slim Tlatli
Minister of Tourism
Political
Head of Government
Abderrahim Zouari
Minister of Transport
Political
Head of Government
Slaheddine Malouche
Minister of Transport
Political
Head of Government
Nadhir Hamada
Minister of the Environment
Political
Head of Government
Samir Lâabidi
Minister Delegate in charge of Relations with Parliament
Political
Head of Government
Abderraouf El Basti
Minister of Cultural Affairs
Political
Head of Government
Sarra Kanoun Jarraya
Minister of the Family, Women, Children and the Elderly
Political
Head of Government
Bebia Chihi
Minister of the Family, Women, Children and the Elderly
Political
Head of Government
Abdelhamid Slama
Minister of Youth and Sports
Political
Ministry of Religious Affairs
Kamel Omrane
Minister of Religious Affairs
Political
Ministry of Health
Mondher Zenaidi
Minister of Health
Political
Chamber of Advisors
5 of 126 seats named:
Ettajdid Movement 1, Popular Unity Party 1, Democratic Unionist Union 1, Movement of Socialist Democrats 1, Social Liberal Party 1
Political
Chamber of Advisors
Abdallah Kallel
President of the Chamber of Advisors
Political
Chamber of Advisors
Mekki Aloui
President of the Chamber of Advisors
Political
Chamber of Deputies (12th legislature)
214 of 214 seats named:
Democratic Constitutional Rally 161, Movement of Socialist Democrats 16, Popular Unity Party 12, Democratic Unionist Union 9, Social Liberal Party 8, Greens Party for Progress 6, Ettajdid Movement 2
Political
Parliament
Fouad Mebazaa
Speaker of Parliament
Political
Ennahda Movement
Rached Ghannouchi
President of Ennahda
Political
Congress for the Republic
Moncef Marzouki
Leader of the Congress for the Republic
Political
Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties
Mustapha Ben Jaafar
Leader of the Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties
Political
Progressive Democratic Party
Maya Jribi
Leader of the Progressive Democratic Party
Political
Outside office
Habib Bourguiba
—
Political
Outside office
Mohamed Larbi Zarrouk
—
Political
Outside office
Mustapha Saheb Ettabaa
—
Political
Outside office
Tahar Ben Ammar
—
Political
Outside office
Youssef Saheb Ettabaa
—
Political
Outside office
Rachid Sfar
—
Political
Outside office
Abdallah Farhat
—
Political
Outside office
Abdelwahab Abdallah
—
Political
Outside office
Habib Bourguiba Jr.
—
Political
Outside office
Mongi Slim
—
Political
Outside office
Ahmed Ben Salah
—
Political
Outside office
Mohamed Afif Chelbi
—
Political
Outside office
Atika Chebil
—
Political
Outside office
Ichraf Chebil
—
Political
Outside office
Kamal Gharbi
—
Political
Outside office
Lilia Ben Chedly
—
Political
Outside office
Naoufel Saied
—
Economic
Central Bank of Tunisia
Taoufik Baccar
Governor of the Central Bank
Economic
Ministry of Finance
Mohamed Ridha Chalghoum
Minister of Finance
Economic
Ministry of Finance
Ridha Chalghoum
Minister of Finance
Economic
STEG
Othman Ben Arfa
Président-Directeur Général
Economic
UTICA
Wided Bouchamaoui
President of UTICA
Economic
Poulina Group Holding
Abdelwahab Ben Ayed
Chairman, Poulina Group Holding
Economic
Mabrouk Group
Marouane Mabrouk
Principal, Mabrouk Group
Economic
Elloumi Group / COFICAB
Faouzi Elloumi
Principal, Elloumi Group
Economic
Elloumi Group / COFICAB
Selma Elloumi Rekik
Principal, Elloumi Group
Economic
Outside office
Fadhel Abdelkefi
—
Economic
Outside office
Amel Ben Yedder
—
Economic
Outside office
Atef Majdoub
—
Economic
Outside office
Aziz Miled
—
Economic
Outside office
Belhassen Trabelsi
—
Economic
Outside office
Cyrine Ben Ali
—
Economic
Outside office
Dorsaf Ben Ali
—
Economic
Outside office
Elyes Jebir
—
Economic
Outside office
Ezzeddine Cherif
—
Economic
Outside office
Faycel Stambouli
—
Economic
Outside office
Hédi Bouchamaoui
—
Economic
Outside office
Hedi Youssef
—
Economic
Outside office
Hichem Anane
—
Economic
Outside office
Hichem Driss
—
Economic
Outside office
Ismaïl Mabrouk
—
Economic
Outside office
Jean Messinesi
—
Economic
Outside office
Kamel Eltaief
—
Economic
Outside office
Karim Milad
—
Economic
Outside office
Khaled Bouricha
—
Economic
Outside office
Laurent Thuillier
—
Economic
Outside office
Leïla Trabelsi
—
Economic
Outside office
Lotfi Bel Hadj
—
Economic
Outside office
Mohamed Jilani Beji
—
Economic
Outside office
Mohamed Lassaad Mzah
—
Economic
Outside office
Mohamed Salah Hmaidi
—
Economic
Outside office
Moncef Mzabi
—
Economic
Outside office
Moufida Aloui
—
Economic
Outside office
Nejia Gharbi
—
Economic
Outside office
Nejla Ben Abdallah
—
Economic
Outside office
Nesrine Ben Ali
—
Economic
Outside office
Raoudha Bejaoui
—
Economic
Outside office
Mohamed Sakher El Materi
—
Economic
Outside office
Salah Ben Hamad
—
Economic
Outside office
Salah A. Bukhatir
—
Economic
Outside office
Slim Chiboub
—
Economic
Outside office
Souhir Taktak
—
Economic
Outside office
Youssef Bayahi
—
Economic
Outside office
Zied Boudriga
—
Media
Nessma TV
Nabil Karoui
Owner, Nessma TV
Media
Tunisian Television Broadcasting Establishment
Chaouki Aloui
President of the Public Television Establishment
Media
Hannibal TV
Larbi Nasra
Owner of Hannibal TV
Media
El Hiwar Ettounsi
Tahar Ben Hassine
Owner of El Hiwar Ettounsi
Media
Mosaique FM
Noureddine Boutar
Owner of Mosaique FM
Media
Leaders
Taoufik Habaieb
Editor-in-Chief of Leaders
Media
Outside office
Hend Abdessamad
—
Media
Outside office
Mourad Ben Othman
—
Media
Outside office
Olfa Riahi
—
Media
Outside office
Samir El Wafi
—
Media
Outside office
Sana Gammoudi
—
Media
Outside office
Taoufik Ben Brik
—
Media
Outside office
Zied Krichen
—
Judicial
Audit Court
Faïza Kefi
President of the Audit Court
Judicial
Outside office
Abdessattar Ben Moussa
—
Judicial
Outside office
Bochra Belhaj Hmida
—
Judicial
Outside office
Radhia Nasraoui
—
Civil society
Tunisian League for the Defence of Human Rights
Mokhtar Trifi
President of the Tunisian League for Human Rights
Civil society
National Office of State Property
Wadii Rhouma
President-Director General, Office national de la propriété foncière
Civil society
Outside office
Emna Mizouni
—
Civil society
Outside office
Lina Ben Mhenni
—
Civil society
Outside office
Myriam Marzouki
—
Civil society
Outside office
Nadia Marzouki
—
Civil society
Outside office
Siren Ennaceur
—
Civil society
Outside office
Slim Ennaceur
—
Reading sources
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DeepTunisiaPower, institutions and evidence · 1956–2026